Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy
Pragmatism is a philosophy that focuses on the experience and context. It may lack a clear set of fundamental principles or an encapsulated ethical framework. This could result in the loss of idealistic goals and a shift in direction.
Contrary to deflationary theories pragmatic theories do not renounce the idea that statements are connected to actual events. They simply explain the role that truth plays in everyday endeavors.
Definition
The word pragmatic is used to describe things or people that are practical, logical and sensible. It is often contrasted with idealistic, which refers to an individual or concept that is based on high principles or ideals. A person who is pragmatic considers the real-world circumstances and conditions when making decisions, and is focused on what can realistically be accomplished, rather than trying to achieve the best possible outcome.
Pragmatism is an emerging philosophical movement that focuses on the importance of practical implications in determining the truth, meaning or value. It is a third alternative to the dominant continental and analytic philosophical traditions. It was developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Josiah Royce, pragmatism developed into two distinct streams of thought, one inclining towards relativism, the other toward realism.
The nature of truth is a major issue in pragmatism. While a majority of pragmatists agree that truth is an important concept, they differ on what it means and how it is used in the real world. One approach, influenced heavily by Peirce & James, is focused on how people solve issues and make assertions, and gives priority to the speech-acts and justification projects users of language use to determine if something is true. Another approach, influenced by Rorty and his followers, focuses on the more mundane aspects of truth--the way it serves to generalize, admonish and avert danger. It is also less concerned with a complete theory of truth.
This neopragmatic approach to the truth has two flaws. It firstly, it flings with relativism. Truth is a concept with such a rich and long-standing tradition that it's unlikely that its meaning could be reduced to mundane use as pragmatists would do. In addition, pragmatism seems to reject the existence of truth in its metaphysical sense. This is reflected in the fact that pragmatists such as Brandom (who has an obligation to Peirce and James) are generally absent from metaphysics-related questions and Dewey's lengthy writings have just one reference to the issue of truth.
Purpose
Pragmatism seeks to offer an alternative to the analytic and continental philosophical traditions. Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce (1860-1916) were the first to initiate its first generation. These pragmatists from the classical period focused on theorizing inquiry as well as the nature of truth. Their influence spread through a number of influential American thinkers including John Dewey (1859-1952), who applied these concepts to education and other aspects of social development, and Jane Addams (1860-1935) who established social work.
More recently a new generation of philosophers has given pragmatism more space for debate. Although they differ from the classical pragmatists, many of these neo-pragmatists consider themselves to be part of the same tradition. Robert Brandom is their main model. He focuses his research on the philosophy and semantics of language but also draws inspiration from the philosophy of Peirce, James, and others.
The neopragmatists have a different perception of what is required for an idea to be true. The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called 'truth-functionality,' which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice. Neo-pragmatists focus instead on the idea 'ideal justified assertibility', which says that an idea is true if it can be justifiable to a certain audience in a certain way.
There are however some issues with this theory. It is often criticized as being used to support illogical and absurd ideas. The gremlin hypothesis is an example: It's a useful concept that can be applied in real life but is probably unfounded and nonsense. It's not a major problem, but it does highlight one of the biggest flaws in pragmatism It can be used to justify almost everything, which is the case for many ridiculous ideas.
Significance
Pragmatic refers to the practical aspect of a decision, which is related to the consideration of actual world conditions and circumstances when making decisions. It may also refer to the philosophical view that stresses practical consequences in the determination of truth, meaning, or value. William James (1842-1910) first used the term "pragmatism" to describe this perspective in a speech he delivered at the University of California, Berkeley. James scrupulously swore that the word had been coined by his colleague and mentor Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) however the pragmatist perspective quickly gained a name of its own.
The pragmatists opposed the sharp dichotomies of analytic philosophy, like fact and value, thought and experience, mind and body, synthetic and analytic, and the list goes on. They also rejected the idea that truth was something fixed or objective, and instead treated it as a dynamic socially-determined notion.
Classical pragmatists were focused on the theory of inquiry, meaning and the nature of truth though James put these concepts to work by exploring the truth of religion. John Dewey (1859-1952) was a major influence on a second generation of pragmatists who applied this approach to politics, education and other aspects of social improvement.
In recent decades, the neopragmatists have attempted to place the pragmatism in a larger Western philosophical framework. They have analyzed the connections between Peirce's views and the ideas of Kant and other idealists of the 19th century, and the emerging science of evolution theory. They also sought to clarify the role of truth in an original a priori epistemology and developed a Metaphilosophy of the practical that includes theories of language, meaning, and the nature and origin of knowledge.
However the pragmatism that it has developed continues to evolve and the a posteriori model that it has developed is an important departure from conventional methods. The defenders of pragmatism have had to confront a variety of objections that are just as old as the theory itself, but which have been more prominently discussed in recent times. This includes the notion that pragmatism collapses when applied to moral questions and its assertion that "what is effective" is nothing more than a form of relativism with an unpolished appearance.
Methods
For Peirce, pragmatic elucidation of truth was a key part of his epistemological approach. He saw it as an attempt to debunk false metaphysical ideas, such as the Catholic understanding of transubstantiation and Cartesian certainty seeking strategies in epistemology.
For many contemporary pragmatists the Pragmatic Maxim is all that one can reasonably expect from an understanding of truth. 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 avoid false theories of truth that require verification before they are valid. They advocate for a different method they refer to as "pragmatic explanation". This involves explaining the way a concept is applied in the real world and identifying requirements that must be met to confirm it as true.
This method is often criticized as a form relativism. However, it is less extreme than deflationist alternatives, and therefore is a good way of getting around some of the issues associated with relativist theories of truth.
As a result of this, a lot of liberatory philosophical ideas, such as those associated to eco-philosophy, feminism, Native American philosophy, and Latin American philosophy, look for guidance from the pragmatist traditions. Quine for instance, is an analytic philosopher who has embraced the philosophy of pragmatism in a manner that Dewey could not.
While pragmatism has a rich history, it is important to recognize that there are also some significant flaws in the philosophy. In particular, pragmatism fails to provide any valid test of truth, and it is a failure when applied to moral issues.
Some of the most important pragmatists, including Quine and Wilfrid Sellars, also criticized the philosophy. Nevertheless, it has been reclaimed from the ashes by a broad range of philosophers, including Richard Rorty, Cornel West and Robert Brandom. While these philosophers are not classical pragmatists but they do owe a great deal to the philosophy of pragmatism, and draw upon the work of Peirce, James and Wittgenstein in their writings. These philosophers' works are recommended to anyone interested in this philosophical movement.